The Ethics of Using Stem-cell Research - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1848 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Stem Cell Essay Did you like this example? The ethics of using stem-cell research has become a great issue in the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to conduct the research or not to. This issue arose after the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Ethics of Using Stem-cell Research" essay for you Create order After this, the question Can we use stem-cell research to clone human beings? shifted to Do we want to clone human beings? Many people are scared of the idea that we can just copy ourselves; its not natural. The debate and discussions have been very emotional. Stem-cell research has become a hot topic as technology advances, but because of the risk factors, the way society will react to the research, and the fact that scientists are toying with the laws of nature, it should be banned worldwide. History of issue The stem-cell controversy deals with research ethics that include the development, use and destruction of human embryos. This controversy is more often focused on embryonic stem cells. Its not just human embryos that are involved in stem cell research. For example, different stem-cell research like adult, induced pluripotent, and amniotic do not involve the use, creation, or destruction of human embryos. Other sources of less controversial stem cell research includes the use of umbilical cord, breast milk and bone marrow cells. Stem-cell research was first conducted on Dolly the sheep. The first mammal in history was cloned by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues from the Roslin Institute in Scotland (1996). The successful clone was a sheep, named Dolly. But what really happened during the experiment? The experiment began with 277 fused eggs, 29 of which were fertilized. The fertilized embryos were then reallocated to 13 sheep, but only one of them became pregnant with Dolly on 5 July 1996. There were several dead fetuses from the remaining twelve sheep(Trefil and Hazen 66). Later it was concluded that the methods and the technology used were not very efficient. Dolly eventually died of an abnormal disease in sheep of her age in early 2003. Should we continue with stem-cell research to clone just so more sex cells will be sacrificed? Thomas E. Lovejoy quoted, Genetic engineers do not make new genes, they simply rearrange existing ones (Lee, Turnpenny. Is Cloning Mad, Bad and Dangerous?). Genetic diversity can be l ost due to these gene rearrangements. A species may become extinct due to inbreeding within the population. Stem cell research should therefore not be carried out for cloning. Overview of sources The ability to create human embryonic stem cell lines from the inner cell mass of blastocysts has led to considerable debate on how to regulate these scientific developments. Many scholars and commentators have expressed their opinions on the subject of stem-cell research. The biggest concern is that this research involves playing God. Also, gene diversity may be lost because of gene alterations of an organisms genotypic composition. Aside from all the negative impacts of stem-cell research, the main beneficial use of it would be used for infertility which is caused by genetic defects. Summary of source 1 Peter Dabrock, a professor at University of Marburg, argues against stem-cell research in an article called Playing God? Synthetic biology as a theological and ethical challenge. This article was published on October 10, 2009. Dabrock provides a convincing reason in support of his position. Dabrock, and other critics, view the innovation of stem-cell research as morally suspect because it is viewed as playing god. To conduct this particular research, embryos must be destroyed when stem cells are harvested, and the outcome is equal to the taking of life, which many believe that only God has the power to do. Dabrock states: The heart of many religions, including biblical tradition, is touched when science questions the privilege of the deity or God to decide on the transitions between life and the inanimate. Hence, it seems for many religious people plausible to identify synthetic biology with a new and formerly unknown overstepping of this boundary. (Dabrock) Dabrock explains the situation very well. This argument reflects the view that divine creation is perfect and that it is inappropriate to alter it in any way. Evaluation of source 1 Besides cloning organs and tissues, the subject of taking a human life is what generates the most controversy of all. People believe that it is not ethical to kill an innocent life for the sake of scientific research. These beliefs are based on the assumption that God created human beings in his own image and that God gives them their souls. Therefore, it is not our place to create nor destroy a human being; it is Gods. We would be playing God, in their opinion, and that should not happen. This is the main argument that sets the boundary for the majority of people who are against cloning. Summary of source 2 According to Ehud Isacoff, gene diversity may be lost because of gene alterations of an organisms genotypic composition. Genetic diversity prevents a single pathogen from wiping out the whole population. Gene mutations occur naturally. Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered and described the first gene mutation observed in a fruit fly in 1910 (Isacoff, Ehud Y. Isolation and characterization of the Xanthine dehydrogenase gene of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.). When gene diversity is lost, people suffer from diseases (genetic diseases in most cases) due to their genetic composition. Nettie Stevens and Edmund Wilson (1905) described the XX genes in females and the XY genes of males (Reich. Cloning crisis goes from bad to worse: amid claim and counterclaim, the apparent triumphs of Koreas stem-cell stars are rapidly unraveling.). When cloned by using stem-cell technology, an organism has identical genes and is high risk to acquire recessive diseases from both parents. There a re 15,500 genetic diseases according to a 1994 Genetic diseases stats sheet release (Ponciano. Hierarchical Models in Ecology: Confidence Intervals, Hypothesis Testing, and Model Selection Using Data Cloning.Ecology 90.2 (2009): 356â€Å"362). Due to the same genotypes in cloned people, breeding is very likely to occur. Evaluation of source 2 Ehud Isacoff presents a valid argument against stem-cell research. A species may be extinct due to inbreeding within the population, i.e. only if cloning occurs in the population. Inbreeding, also defined by the University of Utah, involves the mating of genetically related individuals (Fritz 47). Since clones have identical genes, inbreeding will occur. But how is extinction possible? While some propose that inbreeding is beneficial to a population, statistics and studies have shown that they there are more than 7.3 million infertility cases in the United States of America (Lee. Is Cloning Mad, Bad and Dangerous? EMBO reports 8.1 (2007): 2. ProQuest). If stem-cell research is practiced, there would be more genetically related individuals to mate, but who would reproduce if the infertility rates are maximized? Humans with animals? I didnt think so. Summary of source 3 Besides all the negative impacts that stem-cell research would have on society, there are many beneficial uses of it as well. One of these is a treatment for infertility. Infertility is caused by genetic defects, reproductive organ injuries, congenital defects, toxic substances and radiation exposure. Many assisted-reproduction technologies have been developed. This includes surrogate mothers for women without a functional uterus, intracytoplasmic sperm injection for males who cant produce viable sperm, and IVF for women with blocked or missing fallopian tubes. However, these treatments have proven to be highly inefficient and they can not help people whose reproductive organs have not developed or have been removed. Twelve million Americans are infertile at childbearing age (Reich. Cloning crisis goes from bad to worse: amid claim and counterclaim, the apparent triumphs of Koreas stem-cell stars are rapidly unraveling. New Scientist 188.2531-2532 (2005): 4.Expanded Academic ASAP). They will use painful and costly treatments for years to have little chance of success. Another extremely useful application of the stem-cell technology would be the cloning of organs or tissues for the body. With that, we could not only cure suffering and death, we could extend our lives for decades. It would not be uncommon for people to live to one hundred and fifty years old, or older. If a kidney fails in old age, take the few good cells left and clone a brand new kidney. Clone a new heart when someone suffers a massive heart attack. After more development of stem-cell research, there is even the possibility to repair brain and spinal column damage. If you really think about it, these life-prolonging procedures would probably be reserved for the rich and famous, and not on everyone, as discussed before. Numerous of remarkable benefits can come from stem-cell technology, but not all of it is guaranteed. My mother always told me, if it sounds too good to be true, then it probably is. Evaluation of source 3 Reich raises some good points on how stem-cell research could be used to benefit the health of suffering individuals. The excitement of stem cell research primarily results from the medical advantages in regenerative medicine and therapeutic cloning. Stem cells provide huge potential for finding treatments and cures to a vast array of medical issues like infertility, cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and much more. The writers position and reasoning As a biology student, I attempted to approach both sides with an unbiased opinion. I personally think that the world of genetics is fascinating, but after learning of what is now possible through technology, I changed my mind about pursuing a career in the field. I see stem-cell research as a wonderful advancement in technology and knowledge. I do not think it should be used to reproduce humans though. I do not believe that we should try to develop other ways beside the natural way to bring life into this world. Cloning tissues and organs falls under a different category then cloning human beings. I believe that cloning tissues and organs would be beneficial for science and medicine. The research involves fetal tissue, however, which is an entirely different ethical debate. So, with my present understanding I would allow stem-cell research for cloning tissues and organs only. Conclusion Today, the topic of stem-cell research generates more argument then it has ever created before. The controversy over using stem-cell research for cloning is based, in part, on the fact that there are extreme opposing viewpoints on the subject. Also a major factor in the debate over stem-cell research is a fear of new technology. Considering the fact that scientists are uncertain about their own methods and technology, the lost loss of genetic diversity and the possibility of extinction of a population, should stem-cell research even be practiced? Positively, in 2001 Bill Clinton banned cloning. However, research was allowed to be continued so that scientists, perhaps, will be able to promise and prove that their methods and technology are safe to be practiced (Fritz 68). For now, they should not practice stem-cell research because they will put the entire population of planet earth, both humans and animals, in jeopardy. A new evolutionary period would have to restart. We would enter an entirely new evolutionary period that could be more catastrophic than progressive. Is that something youre willing to risk? Think of cloning as plagiarism copying and pasting, its wrong, hence the title!

Regulation Of The United States Federal Government

Regulation The way a society functions is strictly based on the type of culture in which they reside in. A individuals, habits, actions and personality are all shaped, by the infrastructure, rules, and regulations that they have to abide by while residing in society. It is not to say that these policies are a negative notion, but they do certainly shape your lifestyle, and your choices in many ways. By taking a look at regulation it is important to note that, our government has a huge role in the lives of its citizens it resides over. The United States Federal government has its exercise of sovereignty, in other-words, it has legal and accepted authority to regulate people’s living within a certain geographic area that it has jurisdiction†¦show more content†¦Regulation is a major activity at all levels of government. As society becomes more complex, regulations must grow and evolved to meet the demands of a developing society. Concentrating more on the role of regula tion, it can be noted that it is a system that helps protect individuals from one another. So from buyers to sellers; from employee to employer; tenants to landlords, and so on. Regulations is also implemented to alleviate human suffering and promote overall welfare. For instance, aid in the form of Social Security and to Veterans, natural disaster relief, regulation of pollution and toxins, as well as temporary assistance for the unemployed. Last, and most importantly regulation is implemented to minimize and eliminate corruption and abuse of power by government agencies or officials. (Book Source) Taking into account the terms and ideologies stated above, it is easily understood why, we as individuals have decided for so many years, to abide by this social contract with our government. We gain the most benefit from this quid pro quo relationship. Administrative Law and Regulatory Agencies Since we abide by this social contract, it is important to understand how this system works for its citizens that it has jurisdiction over. By looking from the outside in, how our government operates is illustrated by its

Binder Ready Version Concepts And Practices -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Binder Ready Version Concepts And Practices? Answer: Introduction In the present study, it is about the internal and external users of government and business and their differences. Further, the study is about the two grounds on which the reporting model is prepared. It is more difficult to differentiate between internal as well as external users in government as compared to business, as constituents like taxpayers might have considerable roles in forming strategies and policies that are frequently taken into accounting in the monarchy of managers. Furthermore, legislators are said to be internal to some degree as they set policies, but external as far as the managerial brand should account to the legislative branch (Granof, Khumawala, Smith, 2016). The major users of government are inclusive of governing boards, creditors, and investors, members of organizations, citizens, donors, regulatory agencies and constituents. Governments require accounting standards and reporting tools that distinguish from those of businesses. They have other important objectives than profit maximization. Thus, their progress cannot be considered by the traditional bottom-lines and users of business. In addition to, they are governed by their own budgets instead of th e competitive markets. Both the GASB and FASB have instituted objectives of financial reporting that put force on the significance of offering information that allows users to consider inter-period compliance with the mandates of budgets. The Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 34 (GASB 34) command important modification in the detailing financial practices of local and state governments externally. Investigation of information from bookkeeping and authorities of state and local governments shows that they trusted GASB 34 would do moderately little to enhance the convenience of their legislatures reports. In accordance with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (U.S), provisions of GASB 34 were prepared by considering general purpose and special purpose governments. The general purpose includes states, urban areas, district, villages and towns. Nonetheless, there are numerous further legislative elements, inclusive of PHAs which are not wide-ranging purpose but same are categorized into distinct purpose governments that give a constrained arrangement of administrations or projects (Bloch, 2016). The general and special purpose government are the two grounds on which the reporting model under GASB No. 34 is being prepared. These two are completely different to the extent of their purpose and services. In terms of general purpose; governments incorporate administrations which could incorporate law management to street and road maintenance, whereas special purpose government are more concentrated and are more engaged in , for instance, the Department of Housing and Urban Development bargains solely with lodging needs, air housing openings and change and improvement of the groups (Kim Ebdon, 2017). Conclusion The present study shows that the internal and external users of government and commercial businesses are completely different. Further, the study concludes that there are two perspectives on which the reporting model under GASB No. 34 can be prepared References Bloch, R. (2016). Assessing the Impact of GASB Statement No. 34: The Perceptions of Municipal Bond Analysts.Municipal Finance Journal,37(2). Granof, M. H., Khumawala, S. B., Smith, D. L. (2016).Government and Not-for-profit Accounting, Binder Ready Version: Concepts and Practices. John Wiley Sons. Kim, J., Ebdon, C. (2017). HAVE THE GASB NO. 34 INFRASTRUCTURE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS AFFECTED STATE HIGHWAY SPENDING?.Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting Financial Management,29(3).

Narcissism Essays (605 words) - Narcissism, Psychology,

Narcissism Is our negative branding of narcissism a defense against a demanding call of the soul to be loved? Thomas Moore Care of the Soul Narcissism is the egotistic sense of self-importance, but paradoxically underneath this attitude, the narcissist is simply a victim of a fragile low self-esteem. It is the underlying sense of inferiority that is the real problem of the narcissist, and their pretense is just a disguise used to cover their deeper feelings of inadequacy. Since narcissists are often incapable of asserting genuine self-meaning, they seek admiration from others because they desire acceptance and approval (as we all do) but lack the ability to find any from within. In looking at the story of Narcissus, I was so inspired by the new translation and meaning given to it by Thomas Moore. By denying our narcissistic tendencies and by labeling this part of our shadow as negative, we our only stifling the growth that our soul desires. The further we push narcissism away from us by disowning it, the more self consumed we actually become. Narcissus longed to love, and not until he discovered himself was he able to do so. When he was able to clearly see himself in the pool of water, he than experienced a life transformation. Bob Keagan, as discussed in class, would better explain that Narcissus was in a state of transition. Narcissism is a condition in which a person does not love himself. (Moore, p 71) In my own life, self-love was one of the greatest and most valuable lessons learned through very difficult circumstances. I discovered that the importance of self-acceptance must first be established from within if I was ever to sincerely receive love from another. Thomas Moore explains that the greatest curses in our lives are actually blessings in disguise because not until we are in a state of need, do we desire change. I love the description that Moore gives of Narcissus at the pool. He explains that what is taking place is a transforming, and life-threatening, psychotic episode (Moore, p 59). His narration is such an accurate depiction of how we all feel while in the state of transition. As we have discussed in class, we often must become uncomfortable before growth will occur. Although Narcissus discovered the outward appearance of himself, the pool identified the depth and core of his person. His reflection was much deeper than the surface, and he was able to see himself for the first time as an object, and only then was he able to love himself (Moore, p 63). For me, this was a profound statement because seeing oneself as an object means shifting from an egocentric and shallow mindset to a much deeper and heartfelt state which is much greater than the surface person we tend to embrace. Love of a new image of self leads to new knowledge about oneself and ones potential (Moore, p 63). Our potential does not create our attitude, but our attitude creates our potential. When people change their perception of self, then their lives will inevitably display an outward change as well. Embracing our narcissism simply means that we pay attention and learn from it. When we display narcissistic behavior, or when we find ourselves offended by narcissistic people, we must pay close attention to what our soul is telling us. For if narcissism is an outward display of our lack of inward love, than our soul is merely seeking to be nourished and needs greater acceptance and approval from within. Mythology

Sign Language Essays - Deafness, Deaf Culture, Sign Language

Sign Language Essays - Deafness, Deaf Culture, Sign Language Sign language Lab Report: Beginning ASL 3 & 4 Sign language is a method of communication of which I am becoming more and more familiar. This is in great part to a series of videos I am currently watching entitled ?The Bravo Family,? Beginning ASL 1-15. I have recently finished watching videos three and four. I have discovered there are many things that I did not know concerning such topics as the culture and grammar of the deaf community. I feel these are two aspects which deserve an abundance of credit and require a large amount of studying. The culture of the deaf community is still thriving and continues to grow in strength. This in spite of the years of suppression that people have enforced on these unique individuals. Technology has extended a great helping hand to all mankind, especially those of a deaf nature. Flashing lights are becoming a very useful tool in deaf peoples homes. For example, to help accommodate the special needs of those who can not hear the telephone or doorbell ring, systems can be installed into someone?s home which alerts them of someone?s presence at the door or on the phone. The flashing light is also used to help wake people up in the morning; alarm clocks can also be connected to the lights. There are also dogs that are trained for sounds. For years blind people have used these animals to help get them from one place to another. Now the people in the deaf community can use canines to help alert them of sounds or noises. Another grateful tool that is used to help the special needs of those who can not hear is a device known as a TTY or TDD. This is a device that helps two people communicate over the phone lines by typing on a machine. The message is transmitted over the phone lines and received by another person on the other line. The problem with this was communicating between a deaf person with a TTY and hearing person without one. To solve this problem many states offer what is known as a relay station. This is where a deaf person can type a message on a TTY, the message is run through a relay station, and the hearing person on the other line hears a voice which states the message. The opposite is also possible. A hearing person on one line says something. It runs through the relay station and is transmitted to the TTY in a typed statement. There is also the entertainment aspect of the culture. The TV set is a universal tool of education and entertainment. Almost all TV?s and stations offer closed captioning. This is a great service which scrolls white letters on a black background across the bottom of the screen. People can see what is being said and still watch a program. Another aspect of entertainment which is greatly incorporated with culture is folklore and storytelling. ASL incorporates very creative storytelling with body language, facial expressions, and the numbering system in number story telling. In this form of relaying a story numbers represent people, actions, or things. It is very entertaining to watch someone tell a story using numbers. As you can see the culture of deaf people runs deep and involves a great many things. The technical aspect of ASL is just as important as understanding the culture. Proper grammar is essential when communicating with other people. In ASL you are required to put the negative at the end of a sentence rather than first. This is opposite, in form, of English. Another rule of grammar is known as the topic comment rule. This states that the topic is established first and then what you want to say about the topic, the comment, is stated last. These rules are very important and can not be overlooked. I thoroughly enjoyed these two videos over The Bravo family. I learned new signs for oven, living room, couch, onions, shop, and many more. I am looking forward to watching more videos and learning more signs. The culture of deaf people is amazing to me and although the grammar is difficult for me to understand I plan to stick with it and learn and apply all or most of the rules.

The Availability of Tescos Fresh Vegetables Supply Chain Essays

The Availability of Tescos Fresh Vegetables Supply Chain Essays The Availability of Tescos Fresh Vegetables Supply Chain Essay The Availability of Tescos Fresh Vegetables Supply Chain Essay 1. Introduction Supply concatenation which now is recognized as a typical complicated web is formed by a huge figure of providers and subcontractors ( Derek L. Waller, 2003 ) . They transport merchandise to consumer through value-add procedures in effort to make superior client value ( Martin Christopher, 2005 ) . There are three mutualist flow watercourses ( Derek L. Waller, 2003 ) involved in supply concatenation to vouch its maps running good. Material flow watercourse which stars from the upstream provider to concluding consumer takes a duty of conveying finished goods from natural stuffs to complete goods. Therefore, it is the most important component in supply concatenation. Another one is information flow watercourse which is a bipartisan flow watercourse. High efficient supply concatenation is based on the fluid interchange of information. The better communicating, the better coaction and the faster responses supply concatenation has. For illustration, providers could fulfill their mutable c lients rapidly with the aid of timely and accurate information about demand. The 3rd one is fiscal flow watercourse of which way is opposite to material flow. It plays like a bearer of net income to excite everyone in supply concatenation performs better. Besides, a well-run fiscal flow reduces the hazards in history receivable, accordingly, addition reliable in relationship between provider and subcontractor. ( Warren H. Hausman, no day of the month ) . Supply concatenation topographic point a important place in developing organisation itself and enhanced its market repute. It helps company supply right merchandise at right clip in right topographic point and response alteration rapidly. Tesco and Marks A ; Spenser, who have 2282 ( 2009 ) and over 600 shops ( 2009 ) severally around UK are two of the most popular retail merchants. They compete well on field of fresh veggies sector through supplying convenient, safety and low monetary value goods. Traditional farm markets and vegetable shops which can be found everyplace in past clip now have about been replaced by assorted supermarkets. Tesco, the British retail giant, occupies an important function in food market market in the UK. It was the 56th in luck 500 list of 2009, harmonizing to 94,300.4 million gross ( Fortune, 2009 ) . Taylor Nelson Sofres World Panel market portion informations ( 2009 ) stated that Tesco’s market portion in food market increasing to 30.7 % in November, 2009.Fresh nutrient, such as veggies, meat, fruit, because of it’s extremely sum of ingestion every twenty-four hours plays an increasing part in supermarket net income. Discoursing the premier grounds what cause fresh nutrie nt deficit on shelves is valuable because retail merchants merely can make net income when their merchandise are consumed by clients ( Ronald H. Ballou, 2004 ) . What’s more, it is easy to be annoyed that a client come into a supermarket and found what he/she wants is empty. Whatever the client choose to purchase another replaceable merchandise ( supermarket still earn net income ) or to travel to another store which can run into their demand good ( supermarket lost net income ) , his/her trueness would be damaged. Such lessening of trueness is a great uncountable loss for supermarket. 2. Datas aggregation This research was carried out on the 07, November, 2009 by sing Tesco. Data was recorded at two different times during that twenty-four hours. What are organized in the undermentioned tabular arraies are the running-out points we collected at half past one and at a one-fourth to four in Tesco. It aims to analyze the on-shelf inaccessibility every bit good as the efficiency of refilling on sector of vegetable in Tesco. Table 1 collected at half past one Item name monetary value position publicity Asparagus Large Bundle ?3 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen T. Organic Asparagus Bundle 200g ?1.99 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Tesco Casserole Vegetables 450g ?1.5 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Tesco Spinach 260g ?1 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Market Value Broccoli catchweight ?1.48/kg unavailable Nitrogen Leeks Loose Class II ?1.98/kg unavailable Nitrogen Runner Beans 225g ?1 Contemporary out of stock Salvage 50p Tesco Hand Shelled Garden Peas 120g ?1 Contemporary out of stock 3 for?2.5 Tesco Butternut Wedges 150g ?1 Contemporary out of stock 3 for?2.5 Table 2 collected at a one-fourth to four Item name monetary value Status publicity Celery Each ?0.78 unavailable Nitrogen Tesco Lancashire Round Lettuce ?0.50 unavailable Nitrogen Broccoli 335g ?0.50 unavailable Nitrogen Market Value Broccoli Catchweight ?1.48/kg Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Tesco Spinach 260g ?1 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Tesco Winter Vegetable 250g ?1.5 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Tesco casserole Vegetables 450g ?1.5 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen T.Organic Asparagus Bundle 200g ?1.99 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Asparagus Large Bundle ?3 Contemporary out of stock Nitrogen Runner Beans 225g ?1 unavailable Salvage 50p Tesco Bean Sprouts 335g ?0.48 unavailable Nitrogen Tesco Finest Tender root Broccoli 200g ?1.25 unavailable Nitrogen Tesco Butternut Wedges 150g ?1 Contemporary out of stock 3 for?2.5 Tesco Hand Shelled Garden Peas 120g ?1 Contemporary out of stock 3 for?2.5 Chicory 180g ?1 unavailable Nitrogen Harmonizing to these two tabular arraies, it can be seen clearly that position of modern-day on-shelf unavailable points are classified as ‘unavailable’ and ‘contemporary out of stock’ . Such categorization is on the footing of fact found in Tesco. In Tesco, some of the labels of empty shelves are informed ‘contemporary out of stock’ with a small ruddy card while the remainder which are represented as ‘unavailable’ in tabular arraies are without any account. Compared these two tabular arraies, except Market Value Broccoli Catchweight and Runner Beans ( 225g ) , points are shown ‘unavailable’ in table one disappear in table two. That refers to they were replenished during two hours. Market Value Broccoli Catchweight was checked the stock list and labeled signal of stock-out after 2 hours. The most standing out points in tabular arraies 2 is Runner Beans ( 225g ) which is still as the same ‘unavailable’ posit ion as in table 1. Without considered human’s mistake, it might be attributed to that these points sold out once more after it was replenished.Because these informations was non recorded for a series clip, they may be limited for appreciating the efficiency of on-shelf refilling in Tesco. It is possible that Tesco look into its stock list one time five hours and we merely record for the last two hours by opportunity. However, the Runner Beans empty once more and there was no material working for refilling when we were roll uping informations grounds to a certain extent that Tesco does non recognize up-to-date on-shelf refilling. 3. Comparisons with Marks A ; Spenser Marks A ; Spencer ( M A ; S ) , which has been grown for more than 100 old ages, performs good to fulfill the British in-between category with high quality service every bit good as sensible monetary value. Because of dependable repute in market place, M A ; S asserts as one of the stronger rivals to Tesco. The undermentioned information is what collected on the same twenty-four hours at 2.02 in effort to compare what are differences in on-shelf handiness between Tesco and M A ; S. Table 3 collected at two o’clock Item name monetary value position publicity Chopped Tomatoes 400g ?0.59 unavailable Nitrogen Miniature New Potatoes 500g ?1.99 unavailable Nitrogen Chopin Jacket Potatoes 700g ?1.69 unavailable Nitrogen 4 Jacket murphies 800g ?1.49 unavailable Nitrogen Peas 400g ?1.99 unavailable 3 for?5 Young Garden Peas 170g ?1.69 unavailable Nitrogen Peas sweet maize and Brassica oleracea italica bed 360g ?1.69 unavailable 2 for?3 Authoritative Layered Vegetables 320g ?1.99 unavailable 2 for?3 Carrot, Cauliflower and sprouts 400g ?1 unavailable Half monetary value Sweetheart Cabbage A ; Chard Medley 160g ?1.8 unavailable 2 for?3 Sea salt and peper new potatoes385g ?o.89 unavailable Nitrogen As what was seen in M A ; S, all the on-shelf unavailable points were non be labeled out of stock Markss. It is hard to place if they are out of stock or merely modern-day unavailable. Based on the public presentations on shelves, M A ; S had serious deficit in murphy while there was sufficient storage in Tesco. However, those modern-day out of stock points in Tesco such as Asparagus officinales, Brassica oleracea italica, and smuggler beans are available in M A ; S. The obvious difference between Tesco and M A ; S is that there are staffs to refill to shelves continually when I was entering informations in M A ; S. Something in table 3 was available merely after entering clip 10 proceedingss, which refers to a certain extent that shelf refilling in M A ; S is better than Tesco. 4. Problems in supply concatenation The direct grounds which take history of deficit represented on shelves can be divided merely into two types. One owes to the out-of-time bringing between warehouse and shelves. Another 1 is because of the out of stock in warehouse. Customers lone purchase goods which are displayed on shelves but which stay in warehouse or are out of stock. Whatever which ground, it consequences to a loss of supermarket’s repute and gross revenues.It is necessary to analyze the jobs bing in supply concatenation, which cause on-shelf inaccessibility in Tesco. Supply concatenation is responsible significantly to turn to stockouts. Not merely does an efficient supply concatenation aid Tesco to cut down costs of warehouse and of buying through faster goods turnover but besides attract clients by supplying high quality service through fulfilling them at any given clip. In angle of supply concatenation, these jobs might be found in retail merchant ( Tesco ) itself, in providers every bit good as bet ween them. 4.1. Tesco sections Specifically, the jobs which influence handiness on shelves when there are goods in shop are perchance attributed to ill-defined division of labour or deficiency of shelves direction even inefficient stock list control within supermarket. Indeed, advanced stock control engineering like Point of Sale ( POS ) and modem direction package enable to follow existent clip selling measure and maintain stock degree automatically. However, if the up-to-date information is generated without originating notice and being responded rapidly, it is still useless. Take an illustration to explicate affairs of coaction between sections. Supposed one type of point on shelves are running out and computing machine system reminder to refill. Definitely it is clip to bringing goods to shelves at one time. However, selling section does non notice inaccessibility of goods on shelf or even merely play Ping-Pong ( Richard Bell, 2004 ) with stock section when it received the reconstructing demand. Selling staff carry out nil except waiting for the stock section to work out the job while the ulterior one are sing that selling section should take duty of refilling. As the clip base on balls, because of on-shelf deficit, client lose.In add-on, deficiency of shelf direction besides causes ‘stockouts’ . What is common to be seen in TESCO is that different points on shelves are assorted together or that one type of point is displayed at different topographic points. Customers are hard to happen what they want precisely in such upset show. It is rather frequently that goods considered unavailable is really hidden by other goods or is exhibited at another topographic point. In add-on, the unbalancing allotment of on-shelf infinite is another typical ground of emptying shelf in Tesco. On the same shelf, some are running out easy while others are extra. Inadequate shelf infinite of fast Sellerss increases the frequence of refilling and hazard of empty shelf. 4.2. Inventory direction 4.2.1. Inventory control The job may be in Tesco stock list control if stockouts happens in warehouse. There is no uncertainty that shelf clip of fresh veggie is highly shorter than other regular merchandise. Fresh veggies attract clients to buy on the footing of high quality physical visual aspects and short best-used day of the month because these two factors can reassign information that nutrients are fresh and without any unreal additives ( Derek L. Waller, 2003 ) . These two safety signals are what clients concern when they are buying. In the instance of that, supermarkets try to maintain the minimal stock list of fresh nutrient as possible. Both provider and retail merchant tend to do this type of goods turnover through the supply concatenation rapidly. On one manus, minimal stock list degree is helpful to diminish the wastage costs because it reduces the hazard of diing. The less fresh nutrient are storied in the warehouse, the more possible to sell them out before the best show twenty-four hours. On the other manus, minimal stock list is likely to increase the rate of modern-day out of stock. Steering by minimal stock list direction, retail merchant tend to cut down the sum of reorder point. It means lessen the goods which are used to keep gross revenues during bringing lead clip. When market demand exceeds what is forecasted, the chance of stockouts additions. Goods are easy to be sold out during a short clip if there is non adequate storage available in warehouse. For illustration, supposed Tesco decreased the reorder point from 7 to 4 and safety stock list maintain 3. The bringing lead clip is 3 yearss. Both these two degrees of stock can afford if the existent gross revenues figure is 2 per twenty-four hours on norm during bringing period. However, if the market demand addition to 3 per twenty-four hours really, the lower stock degree will take to out of stock. 4.2.2. Inventory order 4.2.2.1. Forecasting An inaccurate prognosis consequence into a incorrect ordering demand straight. It is another possible ground of stockouts. Because of impossible to capture future existent merchandising informations, all the stock list order are estimated on the footing of calculating future market demand. Undoubtedly, a pessimistic prognosis rather likely consequences in stockouts. This mainly causes by that prediction pessimistically is likely lower than what occurs really. As the retail merchant seeks to minimise cost in a forecasted hard market conditions, they try to cut down stock list order measure. While the existent demand is much higher than what ordered even stock can non afford during bringing lead clip, stockouts occurs.What’s more, calculating stock list order point is a sophisticated agency which requires taking into history market demand tendency, fiscal flow, lead clip, and storage turnover etc. Under certain course of studies, it is trouble to do certain that every component involved is as expected. For illustration, before Christmas twenty-four hours, an optimistic prediction market demand of tomato gross revenues in Tesco during that period is 300per twenty-four hours, and a pessimistic predicted market demand is 150 per twenty-four hours. However, the existent demand is 500 per twenty-four hours which is much higher than what forecasted both optimistically and pessimistically. Supposed the bringing lead clip is one twenty-four hours, reorder point is 300 and safety stock list is 100. Tomato is traveling to be out of stock whatever it is optimistic or pessimistic prognosis. 4.2.2.2. Information transit Roland Vaxelaire, the president and CEO of Carrefour Belgium maitained that about 80 per centum of these jobs are driven from the affairs in transit of information such as delayed, inaccurate, and irrelevant, ( Richard Bell, 2004 ) which besides could do goods out of stock. Take information transmutation delayed as an illustration. An extra order demand for publicity was send from retail merchant to its provider excessively tardily. It is likely that provider could non fix adequate goods at given clip. If customers’ demand exceed the entire that rest in warehouse, goods will be modern-day out to bop. 4.3. Supplier The following ground of stockouts that bear in head is supplier’s ain jobs such as presenting delayed or presenting less than what ordered or even presenting incorrect goods. These errors might be driven from accident like work stoppage or veggies sick or hapless direction in supplier’s organisation such as inefficient working and despatching order to a incorrect object. All of these could go forth supermarkets empty because retail merchants have non plenty good to refill for go oning sale.In add-on, what make empty in warehouse may owe to the discordant relationship between retail merchant and provider. It is common that a company plays as a provider to several retail merchants like TESCO and ASDA at the same clip. If the fresh nutrient is limited, provider is likely to carry through it client ( assumed it is ASDA ) who is more of import and closer at first. In that instance, Tesco will be out of stock. Additionally, Grocery is a sort of price-sensitive goods ( Marshal l L. Fisher, 1997 ) which is normally applied monetary value publicity to excite gross revenues by retail merchant. In effort to guarantee the net income and develop market at a lower monetary value, retail merchant ever tries to cut down the purchase monetary value of fresh nutrients. What they do like that is inauspicious to corporation with provider. If the dissension is excessively serious to be overcome, supplier will halt to turn outing goods. That is why hapless relationship with provider is hazardous to be out of stock. 5. Solution 5.1. Optimize internal direction On-shelf handiness is a important criterion of measuring client service and working efficiency of a supermarket. Harmonizing to transition of stockouts causes walkouts ( 2004 ) , 21 % to 43 % clients turn to other stores for buying when they are confronting stockouts ( Daniel Corsten A ; Thomas Gruen, 2004 ) . Tesco will lose net income because of their client go forthing with empty manus. In food markets sector, TESCO has been witnessed its deficiency of supply concatenation efficiency and response. The possible jobs what mentioned above perfectly consequence in obvious on-shelf inaccessibility of fresh veggies. For crushing these drawback, there are a huge of steps must be carried out by TSCO to incorporate its supply concatenation so that minimize costs and measure up services. It is necessary for TESCO to clear division of labour between sections to avoid confusing of duty. It must be made clearly that if the merchandise is in shop but out of stock on the shelves, which flat and who should take duty on it. If possible, TESCO had better to name person who might be the director of selling section or of shop section to pull off presenting goods to shelves. In add-on, Tesco should reorganise the allotment of shelf. Fast selling points which are easy to be running out should apportion more infinite than unpopular goods. In that instance, fast Sellerss do non necessitate to refill on shelves often. This attack is utile to salvage the cost of refilling staff and better the on-shelf ability of popular fresh nutrients. 5.2. Reorganize stock list control Along with turning attending to freshness and healthy of nutrient, retail merchants are confronting challenges to implement smaller order, faster stock list turnover and increasing bringing frequences on fresh nutrient stock list control ( Derek L. Waller, 2003 ) .For lessen stock out in warehouse every bit good as satisfy new attitude tendency to fresh nutrient, Tesco must rearrange its fresh nutrient storage and optimise stock list control computing machine system. What demand to make chiefly is to understand what clients want most. Assistant with the point of sale system, up-to-date gross revenues informations is accessible. It enables to capture customers’ penchant. For the demand of faster stock list turnover, better sophisticated stock list informations collect system is necessary. This system is use to cipher the stock degree and refilling position at any given clip. Second, it is to reclassify stock list harmonizing to ABC analysis. ABC categorization is an attack which is footing on the 80/20 regulation. It was developed by H Ford Dickey in 1951. ( ( Derek L. Waller, 2003 ) Customer’s penchant alterations from period to period. Tesco should update its stock list control policy harmonizing to these alterations. Guided by ABC analysis, category A which take history into 80 % value of stock list is treated as the most noteworthy portion to pull off, although it merely occupy 20 % of sum of stock list. Both fast Sellerss and category A demand to use telling method as fixed telling measure ( Economic Order Quantity ) . While their stock list measure cut downing to an estimated degree ( reorder point ) , stock list control system will direct the order demand to supplier automatically. The remainder stock list which are classified as category B and category C are the less of import 1s. Most of them could implement telling method name Economic O rder Period ( EOP ) . This attack orders at fixed clip period. This method requires look intoing inventory measure during a fixed clip and so bring forthing order to refill stock list to an estimated fixed max stock degree. ABC categorization ensures Tesco stress on keeping stock list degree of points which are the most important and valuable. Tesco could cut down the cost every bit good as resources by cutting unneeded stock list down. Besides, this attack focuses on minimise the hazard of empty in biggest part goods and of what clients concern. It is utile to avoid wastage costs and better client service. 5.3. Making forecast precise Because of the point of sale system, roll uping of real-time update merchandising informations is realized. What Tesco demand to make is to calculate market demand on the footing of existent merchandising tendencies more accurate. To develop an algorithm computing machine system make an exacter prognosis possible. In add-on, in order to take into account influence of particular state of affairs, before the orders being sent to supplier, stock director have the right to modify it harmonizing to publicity determination and other excess information like particular demand for specific vacation. 5.4. Integration of information and of providers It is suggested that Tesco develop a type of dependable win-win relationship theoretical account with providers. Tesco could contract a long-run relationship with several dependable providers to take duty of different veggies. Under such long-run spouse ship, providers benefit from consistent orders and exact market analysis. They do non necessitate to worry about gross revenues of their goods and publicity of pending outdated goods because of capturing exact selling informations from their long-run customer-Tesco. With the aid of EDI system and standard barcode ( Penelope Ody and Sue Newman, 1991 ) , Tesco could pass on its providers with networking their computing machine. All of dependable providers allow accessing to Tesco’s stock list control system freely. To develop a Vendor Manage Inventory system ( VMI ) stimulate providers replenish initiatively and often so that realize uninterrupted refilling. However, Tesco need to pay attending on cut downing costs of uninterrupt ed logistics. It is practical to implement that transporting veggies together with other ordered points so that Tesco besides could obtain economic systems of graduated table while frequence of transit additions. 6. Decision Customers ever expect to purchase whatever whenever. Every subdivisions involved in supply concatenation is take a duty of optimising it. Stockouts of veggies in Tesco can be caused due to jobs of Tesco itself like out of clip on-shelf bringing, incorrect calculating future market demand and delayed or unequal ordination. Otherwise it could be attributed to providers such as excessively late and excessively small presenting or an undependable relationship between provider and Tesco. It is possible to minimise these jobs through incorporating supply concatenation. Tesco need to unclutter its departments’ ain duty, reorder goods displayer and optimise the use of shelf infinite. What’s more, based on the POS system, it should better platform of sharing selling information and up-to-date alterations of stock list with its providers so that provider could look after the stock list degree and program to replenishment initiatively. Together with Tesco and supplier’s att empt, the whole supply concatenation could response alterations rapidly and expeditiously. It enables to recognize Continuous Replenishment Practice ( CRP ) to carry through the customers’ day-to-day demand of fresh veggies. Because increasing logistics cost of uninterrupted refilling could be offset by the cut downing storage cost, Tesco could increase its handiness every bit good as client service at a lower costs. Mentions Ballou, R. H. ( 2004 ) . Business Logistics/ Supply Chain Management. America: Pearson Education, Inc.Bell, R. ( 2004 ) . Retailer Strategy. Burlington: Templeton College.Corsten, D. A ; Gruen, T. ( 2004 ) . Stock-Outs Cause Walkouts. [ Website ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //hbr.harvardbusiness.org/2004/05/stock-outs-cause-walkouts/ar/1 gt ; [ Accessed:10 November 2009 ]Cristopher, Martin. ( 2005 ) . Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education Limited.Fisher, M. L. ( 1997 ) . What Is the Right Supply Chain for Your Merchandises? Harvard Business Review. March-April. 97205.Fortune ( 2009 ) . Global 500 Our one-year ranking of the universe s largest corporations. [ Website ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/snapshots/7930.html gt ; [ Accessed: 18 November 2009 ]Hausman, W. H. ( no day of the month ) Financial Flow A ; Supply Chain Efficiency [ Website ] Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.visa-asia.com/ap/sea/commercial/corporates/includes/uploads/Supply_Chain_Management_Visa.pdf gt ; [ Accessed: 10 November 2009 ]Marksandspencer.com. ( 2009 ) . [ Website ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //corporate.marksandspencer.com/aboutus/where/uk_stores gt ; [ Accessed:18November 2009 ]Ody, P. and Newman, S. ( 1991 ) . Rushing up the supply concatenation, International Journal of Retail A ; Distribution Management, 19 ( 5 ) , 4.Tesco.com. ( 2009 ) . [ Website ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescocorporate.com/plc/media/qf/ gt ; [ Accessed: 18 November 2009 ]TNS Global web site ( 2009 ) . Worldpanel Grocery store Market Share November 09 ( UK ) [ Website ] . Available from: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tnsglobal.com/news/video-insights/video-216F07E2715C498F81E75BC3A7CA97AB.aspx? c=5 gt ; [ Accessed:18November 2009 ]Waller, D. L. ( 2003 ) . Operation Management. Italy: Cengag e Learning Business Press Other Essaies on Tesco Other essays available on the Tesco administrations are: Tesco Changing Business Environment Tesco is one of the taking supermarkets Tesco Strategy analysis Tesco SWOT analysis Tesco Business analysis

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Business Strategy - Essay Example This is more important in the present day business scenario in which business organizations are breaching geographical boundaries in an attempt to capture a share of market. This calls for the need to ensure greater competency and efficiency in their business operations. Hence is important not only to generate a brand image but also to create competitive advantage in the present competitive market. The business strategy is driven by certain significant factors. One major influential factor is the competence of the enterprise to drive the business strategy. The ultimate goal of the organisations is to identify one exclusive core competence which can help them to differentiate from the competition. However, this is not easy to do as the evaluation of own capabilities may not be so effortless; it demands honest assessment with an appropriate understanding of the customer requirements. Favourable business strategies are those that are evolved by using the capabilities of the firm to addr ess the consumer requirements in a way leading to sustainable competitive advantage. The competitive advantage is required to be addressed logically by a careful analysis of the business processes of the organization. Any business strategy should define the foundation of competition, the stage for changes to happen and the way the competitive strategies would be built upon this changing business environment. The aspect of sustainable competitive advantage has been a matter of debate among the strategists and management thinkers alike. When one thinks back in the 1980s, the top executives were judged on their ability to reorganize, and reform their corporations. Then in the 1990s, they would be assessed on their ability to identify, encourage and take advantage of the core competencies promoting the organisational growth (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990, p.1-2). However, with the changing business environment, the management must re-evaluate the core competencies of the organisation to fetch success in the long run with a sustainable growth rate. In short run, an organisation’s competitiveness relates to the present performance of the company’s products and services. However, in long run, the competitiveness would be derived from the ability to develop with cost effectiveness and rapid pace using the core competencies initiating introduction of wide range of products. A company can have various sources of competitiveness including human resource, operational processes, management ability and technology. In most of the cases, the key sources of competitive advantages are found in the ability of the organisation’s management to consolidate the wide spread technologies and organisational production skills into the firm competencies which would allow the individual business organizations to adapt successfully with the turbulence in the business markets. This makes it essential for management strategists to rethink their claim regarding the inability to establish the core competencies. It may be tough for the large corporations to build up one core competency, but that may not impossible given that the core competencies can be established in the individual business units. The business units are required to be strongly established with nourishment, sustenance and stability in the core competence. Core competency is a highly specific term and is widely different among different organization depending on their business process. The core

Analysis of Five Forces Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Five Forces Model - Essay Example The first stage refers to the small incremental changes in the market which may cause the demand pattern to change in the market. The impact on the business can be in the form of fall in revenues. The second stage refers to a situation where the change becomes more pronounced which may lead to severe financial distress for the business owners as the changes in the external environment continue to take place. The third stage refers to a situation where the firm realizes that the change in the market conditions is so severe that minor changes made by the management both at the senior and the junior level will not be adequate to solve the crisis. This is a situation which calls for the dramatic strategic shift to increase the market share and revenue of the firm. An inference that can be drawn from this model is that the strategies of a firm require constant changes because strategic drift mainly occurs when the strategies of the firm lose focus about the external conditions in the mark et. Porter’s five forces model is also referred to as the positioning school (Stonehouse and Snowdon, 2007). However, Porter’s models of competitive forces have been subject to major criticism. From an economic point of view, it has been observed by Hax and Wilde (2002) that the model of Porter assumes a perfectly competitive market which is a utopian concept. It has also been observed that Porter’s model can at best be used to analyze simple market structure because as the industry structure becomes complex with multiple interrelations then the model is not very suitable (Hax and Wilde, 2002).

Planning Human Resource Essay Example for Free

Planning Human Resource Essay Human resource planning has a major role to meet the company objectives in professional and efficient comportment. In this case study planning process is to meet the short term, by having the right people and the right skills of workforce to supply demands of the new contract at the same time to adjust staffing change for long term objectives. As an HR manager main role is to meet business needs through workforce planning. Part of the planning is to investigate and gather information where the company stands now where we want to take it and how to do that. I can employ the Manpower requirement approach for Human resource planning, to analyse the current situation and estimate future needs and implement the new strategy. The manpower requirement approach enables the HR to investigate the quality and the quantity of the existing workforce and analyse the company situation, forecast an adequate number of skilled manpower to satisfy future needs and achieve targets. 1- Analyse the current workforce: to learn about employees profile, expertise, age education, roles and gather information about staff rotation, this data base permit the company to evaluate the core competences and the power of it is human capital, identify surplus or shortage for short term and long term targets and measure it up with the company objectives and capabilities to appraise the current productivity, Moreover to evaluate the corporate strategy alignment with the vision and mission. 2- Forecast future manpower: identify supply and demand. Expect the quantity and characteristics of the manpower in demand for future needs based on projecting employer past trends. Using previous trends of employment of a specific qualifications and expertise employed earlier in the past years by the company to ensure productivity. â€Å"In this approach an attempt is made to forecast future requirements of educated manpower to fulfil a future target of Gross National Product (GNP) or specified targets of industrial production†. (According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010) Predict directions and development in each size of individual sectors of the economy. Use series of data and historical trends to acquire the ratio between the growth of the skills of the workforce and output growth. This method allow to associate experienced manpower and their productivity influencing the economic growth in a specific sector. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"the fundamental axioms of manpower requirements approach is that there is a definite link between the education and the economic growth and the lack of skilled manpower in required number impedes growth†. Analyse and estimate the requirements of educated manpower to develop and advance, by assessing different factors engagement level, wastage and recession rate. Estimate the level of labour force participants by comparing the participant’s rates and the number of graduates for a specific occupation. The main strengths of this method are estimating and comparing the demand and supply over a period of time in a specific economy and correlate this with the total population level of employment and production. Moreover this approach helps the company to identify future needs for development and training allowing them to categorise. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010,† this approach assess the skill requirements to achieve any predetermined economic growth, and to gear the expansion of educational system to provide the needed education and training† However there are some flaws in the Manpower Requirements approaches. The first limitation: The Manpower requirement approach, link skilled manpower to a specific occupation task, however it’s limited to be valid since it is not including the price and the cost of formal training and education to produce such educated level required, and it can only be relevant to developing countries, where high proportion of manpower have obtained these skills through informal learning and job experience. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"in the Indian context, it has been observed that over 30 percent of the manpower do not have the basic minimum qualification. They have reached these levels through on-the-job training and such other informal training in the requisite skills.† The second limitation: This method confirms that there are no replacements for the required skilled manpower; however we cannot expect to find in one country all jobs requiring a specific skill to be executed by manpower having the same category of education. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"the educated manpower of different types are used in fixed proportions and that there no substitutions possibilities among the various categories of educated manpower†. The future is uncertain, technological and economical factors constantly changing affect the patterns of demands predicted in an earlier stage, since estimated skilled or unskilled labour force is derived from the patterns of services or goods in demand, this approach is relatively unreliable for future for long turn estimates and can produce large errors. According to Mahapatro, et al. 2010, â€Å"Any error in judgment, in this regard, will seriously affect manpower balances at a later date resulting in either excess supply or excess demand†. Flexibility For example the Audit Commission, they have developed different type of employment to meet their business needs. â€Å"†These different contracts help the Audit Commission to cope with all of its changing needs. They also help it to be flexible.† (The Times 100, 2013) The Audit Commission is constantly faced with peaks and troughs in the workload that cannot be met simply by having its employees on full-time contracts. There are situations where they need either more staff or fewer staff. By increasing or reducing staff in these situations the Audit Commission has developed numerical flexibility. (The Times 100, 2013) As we know the organisation had some success stories and some unstable situation, HR planning at this phase after winning a new contract is extremely crucial. We can learn from the Audit Commission and apply flexibility to be able to meet future business needs without raising employment cost and by avoiding downsizing. I can suggest developing and applying flexible working patterns by introducing different type of employment contracts. The internal labour market 350 employees 95% of them have permanent contract consisting the core group of the organization having the skills and knowledge to work in many roles, the abovementioned manpower enable the organisation to run the daily operation having the expertise the knowhow of the company production standards and quality, and they can meet the enquiries in an efficient ways. However the company has recently won a new contract that might implicate needs for recruitment. The existing 95% will remain on permanent contracts and will consist the 75% of the company new structure, as for the new workforce joining the company we can introduce different type of contract to hire them in order to maintain the flexibility of the organisation. They consists the first peripheral and the second peripheral. In the company situation we are examining to hire the first peripheral group that is numerically flexible and the second peripheral group that include employees on short-terms or contractors from agencies, where the organisation needs more staff, that will not by necessary after the production demands of the new contracts are met. As for a construction company that have just signed a new hotel construction project that will end in 5 years, they cannot afford to hire employees on permanent contracts for the new project, as they will have surplus after the hotel is build. In this situation by applying the new working patterns the manufacturing company can meet the new contract needs and ensure that we will not have a manpower surplus after the project is done, it is always easy to increases the number of the workforce but not simple to reduce it. Since the company have liabilities toward their workforce. The cost is extremely high to offer all its employees benefits, health insurance, schooling, bonuses and end of service indemnities. Question 2: As we have discussed before temporary workers play a significant role in current fast pace evolving industries, no matter how skilled or unskilled they are, a certain amount of training is required to make sure they can perform well the assigned tasks. We have to plan the training process and identify the gaps. According to Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012 â€Å"The trainng process consists of three phases: (1) needs assessment, (2) development and conduct of training, and (3) evaluation.† 2.1 Assessment Needs: The type of training should be linked to the organisation goals, in our organisation situation the company needs to meet the new project production needs on time efficiently without compromising the quality. By hiring the new temporary workforce, the company is not looking to develop them or invest in them, as they are only hired to assure the production for a certain period. However we need their contribution to achieve company goals and meet business demand, the required training should enable them to acquire the skills and the knowledge, by identifying a certain type of training that will ensure they are prepared to do the assigned tasks and have the complete knowledge of the company procedures and safety related issue. 2.2 Development and conduct of training We can refer to Aldi’s company case study that was experiencing a rapid expansion and needed to recruit more than 4,000 employees. It is not so easy to involve a large number of employees and engage them to the company objectives, we can examine below how Aldi’s planned to train the new workforce and make them committed to their new roles. They have chosen to provide the on-the-job-training. â€Å"On-the-job training is training that takes place while employees are actually working. It means that skills can be gained while trainees are carrying out their jobs. This benefits both employees and the business. Employees learn in the real work environment and gain experience dealing with the tasks and challenges that they will meet during a normal working day. The business benefits by ensuring that the training is specific to the job. It also does not have to meet the additional costs of providing off-the-job training or losing working time†. (The Times 100, 2013) we can use the same training approach to apply it to our organisation, as we have to be careful about the cost. At the beginning we have to introduce them to the work place they are joining, an induction training should be provided to familiarize the new group joining to the company and colleagues, this orientation ensure their understanding to the company structure and the corporate culture and we can gain their involvement from day one to the organisation objectives and goals. We are examining here the instrumental learning type. On job training approach is applicable in this case study as it is considered cost effective and does not require an expert trainer to be hired from outside the company to teach them specific skills or to provide a certain knowledge. â€Å"OJT also spares the organisation the expense of taking employees out of the work environment for training and usually the cost of hiring outside trainer, because employees generally are capable of doing the training† †. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012) At the same it can deliver a clear message about the company expectation while saving time, as senior skilled staff can train new employees divided in groups depending on job requirement and the group can actually learn the required skill while conducting day-to-day activities, it allow them to observe and try. One of benefits for the company will be having skilled employees that will need less supervision to perform tasks in the future, furthermore that will increase the loyalty to the employer and employees relationships, since they will be interacting closely with the senior staff for the training period. In addition they can get guidance and learn new technologies practically rather than theorist, where most of the times theories are not so clear to be applicable. â€Å"The guided on the-job training approach helps build relationships†. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012). The informal training or the OJT can enhance relationships between the workforce interacting together to acquire skills and learn better about our organisation, it can be also considered as socializing activity since they can be more open and communicate easily with no barrier, this process will make effective the on-boarding new employees. â€Å"Socialization is not a single event. Rather, socialisation is the iterative process between the new employee and the organisation as the individual develop skills, knowledge, role behaviour, and adjustment to norms and values in response to needs and expectations of organisation. (Jolton et al, 2010). For the employees it helps them to be more motivated and self confident about the job, where they can gain more skills in a practical way. They can get guidance and learn new technologies practically rather than theorist, where most of the times theories are not so clear to be applicable. We have to plan carefully the On-the-Job-Training, to allow immediate benefits and reduce the unproductive breaking-in period of the new joiners. If we leave them to learn through unplanned methods employees may feel anxious unmotivated as they are not confident about their job roles and performance. Since we are aiming for temporary manpower and flexible working patterns this method is considered efficient to make them productive as quickly as possible. In addition the OJT permit to examine at early stage employees basic skills problems, for this scenario we can plan for further training for a certain group, simply it can eliminate skills deficiency. Question 3: 3.1 Benefits of Diversity at the workplace. a. Internal advantages. Emerging economy, constantly changes in lifestyle and social demands stimulate people to move from their native countries to a better place, society are becoming more diverse. One car type cannot fit to one population; diversity in choice can make a difference and appeal to everyone. By recruiting a diverse workforce we won’t be only addressing legislation or avoiding discrimination lawsuits, but we ensure engaging our stakeholders’ demands. Avoiding the stereotype in recruitment is the key success for the company to become an employer of choice. Diversity at the workplace can bring a pool of creativity and new ideas; contribution from people coming from different background can advance work and give the ability to the company to comprehend better our stakeholders’ needs and demands. People having different cultural perspectives and lifestyle can give different ideas about the same subject and convey wider exposure for the company. According to Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012, â€Å"to survive and prosper in an increasingly heterogeneous society, organisations must capitalize on employee diversity as a source of competitive advantage†. Regardless that managing employee diversity is politically correct, diverse workforce enhance better problem solving, in our manufacturing company people tend to work in groups, interacting together can solve occurring problems easier as their life experience is dissimilar and they will approach the arising problems differently. Demographic and Cultural diversity can draw more flexibility to the company culture; sharing different experiences can make the work smoother and enjoyable, since learning is wider and more open. b. External advantages A team of different people sharing life experiences and values can improve our corporate culture to become a multicultural organisation having the experience to understand better international market, this advantage can aid the company to generate more profits and widen our market. Talented people are not limited to one culture, certain age or religion, our aim is to match the right people to the right job, so why to slim our choices since we can recruit from a pool of talents. By offering equal opportunity and overlooking differences we can focus better on having the right skills, Cultural diversity at the workplace can promote competitive advantage over rivals, Moreover respecting individual diversities in recruitment can increase productivity and promote the business image. Diversity at the workplace is the key to stay competitive and to be able to cope to the fast changing economy. â€Å"Given the global nature of business today, organisations have to create very specific and effective recruitment efforts to build a deep reservoir of global as well local talent to staff all their organisational levels. (Jolton et al, 2010) As example we can spot the light to Tesco operating in UK where people from different culture and background lives. â€Å"Tesco recognises that every person is different and will bring unique talents and experiences to a role†. (The Times 100, 2013). According to Tesco; â€Å"Difference can be our strength because talent and diversity are two sides of the same coin. To focus on one while ignoring the other is like trying to run a store with no customers – it just won’t work’†. (The Times 100, 2013). 3.2 Employee Diversity Challenges. However some challenges can draw, if diversity is not correctly managed in our organisation, as we can face negative outcomes in communication and productivity Resistance to change from majority and cultural clashes may occur, people tend not to accept each other easily especially if they consider minority inferior, or not as qualified to compete for a promotion or a career development. Cultural diversity may create a barrier between majority and minorities what can affect teamwork and participation. Communication flow might be distracted; people tend to be more involved in relationships with colleagues having the same culture and background, as they share same point of view and lifestyle, minorities can be left out of the company mainstream. Minorities will start to be unmotivated and not satisfied in the work environment and significant turnover and absenteeism can face the company. Diversity can enhance creativity, however minorities being ignored and less valued, will affect their enthusiasm and involvement in the company goals and achievement, and they won’t be able to perform efficiently and effectively due to the low morale. â€Å"Conversely, the proponents of relativity argue that failure to adapt HR practices to the needs of a diverse population may alienate much of the workforce and reduce their potential contributions†. (Gomez-Mejia et al, 2012) References: 1- Mahapatro,. Bhussan,B., 2010. Human Resource Management. New Delhi: New Age International Limited. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com [Accessed 30 June 2013]. 2- The Times 100 Business Case Studies, 2013. Flexible working patterns An Audit Commission Case Study. The Times 100. Available from: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/audit-commission/flexible-working-patterns/conclusion.html#axzz2Z2peExn1 [Accessed 3 July 2013]. 3- Gomez-Mejia,L., Balkin,D., and Cardy,R,. 2012. Managing Human Resources. Seventh Edition. United States of America. Pearson Education, Inc. 4- Jolton,J,. Lundby, K,. 2010. Going Global: Practical Applications and Recommendations for HR and OD Professionals in the Global Workplace. United States of America: Jossey-Bass. Available from: http://web.ebscohost.com [Accessed 16 June 2013].

Thomas Hobbes Laws of Nature Essay -- Thomas Hobbes Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes: What Is The Difference Between Obligations In foro interno and In foro externo, and When Do We Have Such Obligations? According to Thomas Hobbes, there are certain laws of nature which exist in the absence of an organized government. These laws are extremely cut throat, and place people in extremely dangerous situations where their lives are in danger. Government is the answer to this dangerous situation, but it is here that the question of obligation comes into question. Does one have an obligation to take a chance and follow the laws set forth for them, or should they only think of themselves, and follow the laws of nature? This is a vital question which I will explore. According to Hobbes, the overriding law of nature is kill or be killed. Hobbes believed that, "every man has a right to everything, even to another man's body. And therefore, as long as this natural right of every man to everything endureth, there can be no security to any man(how strong or wise soever he be) of living out the time which nature ordinarily allowith men to live." However he also believed, "that a man be willing, when others are so too as far-forth as for peace and defense of himself that he shall think it necessary to lay down this right to all things, and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself." The question now is, when do we have an obligation to strive towards peace when it means giving up our n...

Mba Exam Papers in Operation and Production Management

i will give you full payment of 90 dollar if my below questions answers received from your side with chart and table where its required to fulfill my required. SUB: OPERATION MANAGEMENT 1. How would operations strategy for a service industry be different if any from that for a manufacturing industry? (It’s an example & explains) 2. Consider the following two mutually exclusive projects. The net cash flows are given below: NET CASH FLOWS years PROJECT A FROM PROJECT B 0 – Rs. 1,00,000 – Rs. 1,00,000/- 1 + Rs. 30,000 + Rs. 15,000/- 2 + Rs. 35,000 + Rs. 7,500/- 3 + Rs. 40,000 + Rs. 20,000/- 4 + Rs. 45,000 + Rs. 22,500/- 5 + Rs. 25,000/- 6 + Rs. 27,500/- 7 + Rs. 30,000/- 8 + Rs. 32,500/- If the desired rate of return is 10% which project should be chosen? 3. What are the levels of aggregation in forecasting for a manufacturing organization? How should this hierarchy of forecasts be linked and used? AN ISO 9001 : 2008 CERTIFIED INTERNATIONAL B-SCHOOL 4. How would fore casting be useful for operations in a BPO (Business processes outsourcing) unit? What factors may be important for this industry?Discuss. 5. A good work study should be followed by good supervision for getting good results. Explain with an example. 6. What is job evaluation? Can it be alternatively used as job ranking? How does one ensure that job evaluation evaluates the job and not the man? Explain with examples? 7. What is the impact of technology on jobs? What are the similarities between job enlargement & job rotation? Discuss the importance of training in the content of job redesign? Explain with examples? 8. What is internet connectivity? Feature article about  Production ManagementHow is it important in to days business would with respect to materials requirement planning & purchasing? Explain with examples? 9. Would a project management organization be different from an organization for regular manufacturing in what ways? Examples. 10. How project evaluation different from project appraisal? Explain with examples. SUBJECT: Production Management 1. What are the different types of production/operation system? Where would each one of them be applicable? Give practical examples. 2. What is flexibility in operations function?Can it be one of the strategic weapons? Explain your response. 3. What is the distinction between accounting profit & economic profit? How is such a distinction linked with the concept of opportunity cost? 4. What is the difference between the Scanlon & rucker plans? 5. Productivity improvement is not a one shot project Do you agree with this statement? Discuss 6. Is supply chain management a philo sophy? Discuss 7. What is the aim of production planning? 8. What is forecasting? Elements of forecasting & Methods of forecasting?

Authority in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

On the surface, Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest seem like two very different films. Loneliness is filmed in black and white and takes place in an English borstal school; Cuckoo’s Nest takes place in an American psychiatric ward and is presented in color. Dig a little deeper, however, and it is clear that these films are actually quite similar. Each film depicts the rebellious protaganists—Colin and McMurphy—attempting to overcome the oppressive figures of authority—the Governor and Nurse Ratched. Because of the nature of the films, viewers are lead to consider Colin and McMurphy heroes and to despise the authorities. While it is hard to deny that the Governor and Nurse Ratched don’t at times take advantage of their jurisdiction, it is also unfair to argue against the fact that they are just two people doing their jobs. Both Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest depict rebels who are doomed. The authorities at the psychiatric ward and the borstal have strict rules and expect Randle Patick McMurphy and Colin Smith to conform to these rules, just as every other patient or student has done. The differences between the tone and outcome of these two films are a result of the differences between the types of characters who represent authority. In Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, authorities are shown to be invasive and aggressive. As Colin mentions in the opening line of the film, his family is always running from the police. Further into the film, a flashback shows a detective tracking Colin down at his house after he steals from a bakery. Before finally catching him, the detective is very persistent in his efforts to catch Colin. This surly man provides a search warrant but is unsuccessful in his attempts to locate the stolen money, so he tells Colin that he will be watching him. The true authority figure in Loneliness, though, is the Governor at Ruxton Towers. The Governor is a nice man with absolute power. At the borstal he runs everything by the book. He holds the boys to very strict rules and standards, from having to wear uniforms to having a monitored sleeping schedule. With the boys living and going to school in the same place, there is really no way of escaping the watch of the Governor. In fact, he even comes into the locker room and has conversations with the boys while they are in the shower. Throughout the film, there are also several religious undertones present in the representation of authority, shown primarily in the singing of the English hymn â€Å"Jerusalem. † The Governor uses conformity as a tool to strengthen his school. His main goal is recognition for the school and for himself. In Cuckoo’s Nest, Nurse Ratched is depicted as a very cold figure. She runs the psychiatric ward with an iron fist. Yes, she answers to the head doctors and has a large staff to help her, but she runs the place. The nurse takes advantage of the vulnerability of her patients. In group ‘therapy’ sessions, she often pushes the men to talk about experiences that they are unwilling to talk about. She uses her friendship with Billy’s mother as a threat in order to get him to cooperate with her. Instead of listening to what McMurphy and the other patients want to do, she pushes her own agenda. When McMurphy and the others want to watch a game of baseball, she won’t let them for the sole purpose of not giving McMurphy what he wants. It seems as though the head doctors (the people who should really be the authority) are oblivious to the actions of Nurse Ratched. In fact, they praise her work and there is no one capable of arguing with them. It is interesting to note that in terms of authority, there is no religious imagery in thie film like in Loneliness. Instead, it is McMurphy who appears Christ-like and takes on ‘disciples. ’ Nurse Ratched uses conformity to get her patients to do as she says. Her goal is to try to ‘fix’ each of them. The Governor is mostly respected by the boys. He’s a nice man, but everyone is afraid of him because of his power, just as employees fear their bosses. They don’t mess with him because they know they can only get so far. He has total control over them because they eat, sleep, and go to school all under his watch. Ruxton Towers is the type of place a teenage boy would want to escape from, but the Governor has made the boys feel as though escape is beyond reality. Nurse Ratched, on the other hand, is not respected by her patients. This is a direct result of her concern with getting people to do as she says rather than gaining their respect. Though she demands to be taken seriously, she rarely is. Her patients are all tired of her oppression but lack the physical and mental capacity to do anything about it. Also, like in Loneliness, her authority is not challenged simply because her subjects are afraid of her. Randle McMurphy and Colin Smith are game-changers. Their arrivals empower their cohorts to act out against the system. We see the authority of the Governor challenged in the food fight scene and the authority of Nurse Ratched challenged in the fishing scene. However, Colin and Randle doom themselves in their final acts of defiance. Colin throwing the race results in his contemptment by the borstal; Randle throwing a party and chocking Nurse Ratched results in his lobotomy. In going against authority, these protagonists are left worse off than they were before. Nurse Ratched and the Governor each bring down the antihero. But does that warrant them heroes? No. It doesn’t make them good or bad. Yes, Nurse Ratched seems evil and the Governor seems overbearing, but we are only viewing them through a lens. They lead a system bad enough for people to want to rebel against it, but maybe that rebellion is against the system and not the characters. These are two characters merely doing their jobs. Their borstal and psychiatric ward are not ones that I would want to be in, but I wouldn’t want to be in any borstal or psychiatric ward. Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest contain similar themes and represent similar figures of authority. Nurse Ratched and the Governor are not the most likeable characters. They desire order and take advantage of their power, and that makes us dislike them. But none of their actions are unprovoked. They have tough jobs and they made mistakes. They’re human.

Skin Cancers essays

Skin Cancers essays There are three different types of skin cancer which consist of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Melanoma is a cancer in the pigment-producing cells in the skin. Melanoma is the eighth most common cancer in the United States and causes 1-2% of all cancer deaths. The way to decrease your chance of developing melanoma is to recognize if you are at risk. Ways that you can tell if you are at risk is if you have a mole thats changing, having a mole that is more than 15cm in diameter and has been present since birth, white raced, a prior skin cancer, a close family member with melanoma, using a tanning bed ten times a year or more before age 30, more than 50 moles on your body, and the tendency to burn and freckle instead of tan. These are some different ways to prevent melanoma always use sunscreen with at least an SPF of 15 whenever in the sun and if you recognize any risk factors talk to a doctor. Treatment of melanoma starts with excision of the lesion also taking at least a 1 cm border of healthy tissue around it. To make sure the cancer hasn't spread to other areas of the body, a chest x-ray is taken and a lab test checking the liver is also done. Depending on several factors, sometimes lymph nodes in the area are removed and examined to see if they contain cancerous cells. The best treatment is to remove the cancerous tissue if possible. Sometimes, chemotherapy is used along with removal. Radiation therapy is generally not helpful. Basal cell carcinoma arises in cells called basal keratinocytes in the deepest layer of the epidermis hair follicles, and sweat ducts. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It occurs more often in men than in women. Most basal cell carcinoma is seen after the age of 40, but those seen in patients who are younger than 35 tend to be more aggressive. Some common risk factors for basal cell carcinoma include chronic sun exposure mainly to UVB radiation bu...

Free Essays on Images Of America In Rock ‘n’ Roll

, country music was the music for white working class families. Country music never crossed racial lines, though, and never gained acceptance in black culture. The music of the black working class was blues, which was more about guilt and da... Free Essays on Images Of America In Rock ‘n’ Roll Free Essays on Images Of America In Rock ‘n’ Roll Blood On the Tracks: The Pain and Hope of America’s Workers â€Å"America I’ve given you all and now I’m nothing.† -Allan Ginsberg, â€Å"America† (1956) Allan Ginsberg was not part of the baby boomer generation that made rock-n-roll famous. He was born in New Jersey in 1926, so his generation was more closely aligned to what Tom Brokaw would later refer to as â€Å"the greatest generation.† (allanginsberg.com) He lived through the great depression and the Second World War. As Ginsberg grew older, he became dismayed by what he saw in America, it had become a place of industrialization and steel towns, a symbol of the pains of â€Å"progress,† filled with souls who had given their lives to the American dream only to discover that they could never have it. (Scheurer) At about the same time as Ginsberg wrote the famous poem â€Å"America,† rock-n-roll music was becoming the music of the lost myths of America. Rock-n-roll was not an original creation; it drew heavily on what came before it. Mostly, though, rock music represented a merger between white country and black blues. In the book Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock ‘n’ Roll Music, Greil Marcus discusses country music prior to the birth of rock. Country music was music that entire communities listened to, linking each member to the group. Marcus writes: The songs of country music, and most deeply, its even, narrow sound, had to subject the children to the heartbreak of their parents: the father who couldn’t feed his family, the wife who lost her husband to a honky-tonk angel or a bottle, the family that lost everything to a suicide or a farm spinning off into one more bad year. (Marcus, 133) In other words, country music was the music for white working class families. Country music never crossed racial lines, though, and never gained acceptance in black culture. The music of the black working class was blues, which was more about guilt and da...

International Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business Law - Essay Example India has no data protection law and therefore, there is no law regulating the protection of personal data of staff and employees that are kept in the databases of companies. What India has is the Information Technology 2000 (IT Act 2000) which prohibits the disclosure of data by a person who has secured access to it without the consent of the person whose personal data is being disclosed. The foregoing piece of legislation has therefore, a very narrow application and does not really protect information in company databases from persons who have no secured access to it (Spedding & Rose 307). In a contract where two parties come from different countries, two sets of law are naturally involved – that of the host country and that of the country of the outsourcing party. In such instances, the parties to the contract must expressly signify in the contract which law must govern the parties’ contractual relationship. Under the Indian judicial system, the choice of law of the parties called â€Å"the proper law of the contract† is respected and upheld by the Indian courts. Thus, if StoneTechnical enters into an agreement with an Indian counterpart for the outsourcing venture, the parties must agree by themselves which law should govern their contractual obligations and in case of a dispute under which law should the rights of the parties be determined. In addition, foreign judgments are enforceable in India so long as a reciprocal arrangement exists between India and the country of the outsourcing or FDI country as can be gleaned from the provisions of the Indian Civil Procedure Code. In the absence of such an arrangement, enforcement of such judgment can be had through the filing of an action for its enforcement (Sople 2009 p. 96). Aside from the foregoing, particular legal issues for outsourcing that are not potentially advantageous to StoneTechnical are the following: absence of at-will employment; statutory protection in employment to a class of

Personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal - Essay Example Secondly, one has to ensure that the business they are operating abides with the law. Dealing with un-licensed and illegal businesses has been one crime that the government has been fighting for many years. Those arrested due to operation of such businesses have always faced harsh penalties, in accordance with the set laws. Therefore, this paper seeks to answer some of the life questions that working adults have to resolve in their lives. What keeps me awake at night every day are my goals and priorities. Every night, I have to ensure that my day’s plans are accomplished. This is to ensure that I start my day without carrying forward any unaccomplished tasks. I have set my daily goals in which they have to be accomplished. Failure to accomplish them is an indication that my work is lagging behind. That is another indicator of laziness and lack of focus in life. This is the reason I have to ensure that a day’s target is achieved. Planning next day’s targets is another reason to stay up late at night. As the manager of my life, it’s my duty to ensure that I have outlined the things that am supposed to do and what I have to achieve on that day (Todd, 25-34). Therefore, no matter how engaging my day may have been, I must plan the next day’s targets and the way to achieve them. I believe in the slogan that says â€Å"failure to plan is planning to fail.† I have come to realize tha t those who go to bed without analyzing their accomplishments and their failures do not move forward. Therefore, I have made it a habit to analyze all that I have accomplished daily and what I have not. In addition, I have to get a reason for my failure to accomplish a certain task so that I may not repeat the mistake in future. Looking around my friends and those close to me, I get scared since I realize they do not have plans for the future. By future I mean plans for the next second, minute or day. Many of them